2022年英语专八真题听力 演讲

Fields and Branches of Anthropology

人类学的领域和分支

Good morning, everyone. In today’s lecture, I’m going to talk about anthropology.

大家早上好。在今天的讲座中，我要讲人类学。

It sounds a complicated word, right? You may want to know the origin of the word, or anything about anthropology Actually, the Greek word for“man”is“anthropos”.

这个词听起来很复杂，对吧？你可能想知道这个词的起源，或者任何关于人类学的实际上，希腊语中“人”的意思是“人类”。

And to tell you the truth, the word anthropology has been in the English language for centuries.

说实话，人类学这个词在英语中已经存在了几个世纪。

But just what does the word anthropology mean? Literally, anthropology means“the study of man”.

但是人类学这个词到底是什么意思呢？从字面上看，人类学的意思是“对人的研究”。

As Paul Bohannan, who is a renowned anthropologist, pointed out a number of years ago, “Each science that deals with people has its own definitions of human.

正如著名人类学家保罗·博汉南几年前指出的那样，“每一门涉及人的科学都有自己对人的定义。

An economist,”he explains, “defines a human as a choice-making animal.Philosophers define man as a rationalizing animal... And then, how does anthropology define humans?

他解释说：“经济学家把人类定义为一种做出选择的动物。”哲学家把人定义为理性化的动物...然后，人类学是如何定义人类的？

Well anthropology attempts to be all-inclusive in the study of human behavior in all places and throughout time.

人类学试图包罗万象，研究人类在各个地方和各个时代的行为。

Anthropology specializes in the description of humanistic.scientific.biological historical psychological and social views of humans.

人类学专门描述人类的人文、科学、生物、历史、心理和社会观点。

To paraphrase Barbara Miller’s statement in her textbook, Cultural Anthropology, the popular impression of anthropology is based mainly on movies and television shows that depict anthropologists as adventurers and heroes.

用芭芭拉·米勒在她的教科书《文化人类学》中的话来说，人类学的流行印象主要是基于电影和电视节目中把人类学家描绘成冒险家和英雄。

Well, some do have adventures and discover treasures in Egyptian tombs and elsewhere,but mostly, their work is less glamorous and involves rather repetitive and tedious activities.

好吧，有些人确实有冒险经历，在埃及坟墓和其他地方发现了宝藏，但大多数情况下，他们的工作不那么迷人，而且涉及相当重复和乏味的活动。

Today, I’m not going into anthropologists’ adventures. What I’m going to do is to explain to you all the fields and branches of anthropology.

今天，我不谈人类学家的冒险。我要做的是向你们解释人类学的各个领域和分支。

Let’s begin by stating once again the anthropology is the study of human behavior in all places and at all times.

让我们首先再一次指出，人类学是研究人类在所有地方和任何时候的行为。

Western civilization takes credit for the development of anthropology, which, as a matter of fact, was a relatively late science.

西方文明的发展归功于人类学的发展，而人类学实际上是一门相对较晚的科学。

Earlier Greek and Roman philosophers were more interested in speculating about the ideal society rather than describing those known to them.

早期的希腊和罗马哲学家更感兴趣的是推测理想的社会，而不是描述他们所知道的人

After the onset of the Age of Exploration, which included the discovery of the Americas, as well as travel to other distant places, the study of non-Western people began in earnest.

在包括发现美洲在内的探索时代开始之后，以及到其他遥远的地方旅行之后，对非西方人的研究开始认真地开始了。

In modern day, anthropology is a recognized social science with two broad fields and several branches or subfields.

在现代，人类学是一门公认的社会科学，它有两个广泛的领域和几个分支或子领域。

OK First, what are the two broad fields?They are physical anthropology and cultural anthropology.

好的，首先，这两个广泛的领域是什么？它们是身体人类学和文化人类学。

Let me give you a brief description of each.Physical anthropology is concerned with the development of man as a mammal.

让我简单地描述一下每一种动物。物理人类学关注的是人类作为哺乳动物的发展。

Related subjects are anatomy, biology and paleontology. Physical anthropologists study the evolution of the human species.

相关学科有解剖学、生物学和古生物学。物理人类学家研究人类物种的进化。

One way they do this is by examining the fossils of what were once living creatures and living primates.Those include human beings.

他们这样做的一种方法是检查曾经是生物和灵长类动物的化石，其中包括人类。

Common fossils are shells, bones and molds and imprints.These are found buried in the earth or permanently frozen in glaciers.

常见的化石是贝壳、骨头、霉菌和印记，它们被埋在地球上，或永久地冻结在冰川中。

Living primates are analyzed in order to study the mechanics of evolution and genetic differences among human populations.

为了研究人类种群间的进化机制和遗传差异，对现存灵长类动物进行了分析。

OK, next, let’s talk about cultural anthropology. This field is the study of learned behavior in human societies.

好的，接下来，让我们来谈谈文化人类学。这一领域是对人类社会中学习行为的研究。

Most cultural anthropologists will limit themselves to a few geographic areas, for example, Margaret Mead in Samoa and New Guinea, and Clyde Kluckhohn’s with the Navajo Indians in the Southwestern United States.

大多数文化人类学家将自己局限于少数地理区域，例如萨摩亚和新几内亚的玛格丽特·米德(Margaret Mead)和美国西南部的纳瓦霍印第安人克莱德·克鲁克霍恩(Clyde KLuchohn)。

I should mention that Kluckhohn’s work which is Mirror for Man. is considered one of the best introductions to anthropology.

值得一提的是，克鲁克洪的著作《人之镜》，被认为是人类学最好的入门书之一。

Cultural anthropology and the scientific study of human culture will be discussed in more detail in our next lecture. Today, we just take a brief look at the subfields of cultural anthropology.

文化人类学和人类文化的科学研究，我们将在下一讲中更详细地讨论。今天，我们只是简单地看一下文化人类学的各个子领域。

They are archaeology linguistics and ethnography. So. what is archaeology?

它们是考古学、语言学和人种学。好吧。考古学是什么？

It is the study of different cultures through material sources, through historical objects that still remain today, rather than direct interviews or observations of the group under study.

是通过材料来源，通过今天仍然保留下来的历史文物，而不是对被研究群体的直接访谈或观察，来研究不同的文化。

One famous example of archaeological study is King Tut’s Tomb near Luxor, Egypt, which was discovered in1922.

考古研究的一个著名例子是1922年在埃及卢克索附近发现的图坦卡蒙国王墓。

Another subfield of cultural anthropology is linguistics, as I said just now. As you probably know linguistics is the study of language as communication among humans.

文化人类学的另一个分支领域是语言学，刚才我已经讲过了。正如你可能知道的，语言学是研究人类之间交流的语言。

Culture is learned and transmitted primarily through language.

文化主要是通过语言来学习和传播的。

And ethnography, a subfield of cultural anthropology, is on the whole the systematic description of human societies, mostly based on gathering the firsthand information about something in a real natural environment, rather than in a place of study, such as a laboratory or classroom.

民族志是文化人类学的一个分支，总体上是对人类社会的系统描述，主要基于在真实的自然环境中收集第一手信息，而不是在实验室或教室等学习场所。

Based on ethnographies, anthropologists can provide explanations of the behavior of different peoples.

基于民族志，人类学家可以为不同民族的行为提供解释。

Let me also mention very briefly psychological anthropology, which deals with human personality and feelings.

我还要非常简要地提到心理人类学，它涉及人类的个性和感情。

These are greatly influenced by an individual’s biological and mental characteristics as well as physical surroundings and personal experiences.

这些在很大程度上受到个人的生理和心理特征以及物理环境和个人经历的影响。

Related subjects are psychology and psychiatry.And it is important to note that there are several universal features common among all societies; for example, the basic similarities in human biology and the existence of two sexes.

相关学科有心理学和精神病学。重要的是要注意到，所有社会都有一些共同的普遍特征；例如，人类生物学的基本相似性和两性的存在。

Another of these universal features is education - either formal or informal or both. Education is necessary to provide the young with the skills and attitudes needed to carry on as adults.

这些普遍特征中的另一个是教育——无论是正规的还是非正规的，或者两者兼而有之。教育对于向年轻人提供成年后继续生活所需的技能和态度是必要的。

So, you might ask, what are the practical applications for such a broad field of anthropology?

那么，你可能会问，人类学这么广阔的领域有哪些实际应用呢？

The answer is that anthropology helps us plan the future and helps us contribute to the solution of human problems. You know, the newest area of the study of man is applied anthropology.

答案是人类学帮助我们规划未来，帮助我们为人类问题的解决做出贡献。你知道，人类研究的最新领域是应用人类学。

Formerly, anthropology was limited to the academic field, and most anthropologists were teachers or museum curators.

以前，人类学仅限于学术领域，大多数人类学家都是教师或博物馆馆长。

But for the past several decades, large numbers of“anthro”graduates have been employed in other fields, such as urban planning and administration, health care and international development.

但在过去的几十年里，大量的“非专业”毕业生在其他领域就业，如城市规划和管理、保健和国际发展。

This shows that anthropology is not just an academic discipline. It has social and practical applications.

此可见，人类学不仅仅是一门学术学科。它具有社会和实际应用。

OK, to wrap up, we have briefly talked about the definition, development and the fields and branches of anthropology.

好了，作为总结，我们已经简要地讨论了人类学的定义、发展以及人类学的领域和分支。

I hope after today’s lecture, you will understand that anthropology is not a scholarly field only.

我希望通过今天的讲座，你会明白人类学不仅仅是一个学术领域。

What’s more important is that although anthropologists have taken up the task of recording the processes and changes of cultures past and present, they also provide the necessary insights into where the human species is heading.

更重要的是，尽管人类学家承担了记录过去和现在文化进程和变化的任务，但他们也为人类物种的发展方向提供了必要的见解。

扫码听力原文