2012年英语专八真题听力 演讲

Observing Behaviour

观察行为

Good morning, everyone. Today we will look at how to observe behaviour in research.

大家早上好。今天我们来看看如何观察研究中的行为。

Perhaps you would say it is easy and there is nothing extraordinary. Yes, you may be right. All of us observe behaviour every day.

也许你会说这很容易，没有什么特别的。是的，你可能是对的。我们大家每天都在观察自己的行为。

For example, when traveling in another country, we can avoid embarrassment by observing how people behave in that culture.

例如，在另一个国家旅行时，我们可以通过观察当地人的行为来避免尴尬。

And failing to be observing while walking or driving can be life-threatening.

走路或开车时不注意观察可能会危及生命。

We learn by observing people’s behaviour. Researchers too rely on their observations to learn about behaviour, but there are differences.

我们通过观察人们的行为来学习。研究人员也依赖于他们的观察来了解行为，但也有不同之处。

For instance, when we observe casually, we may not be aware of factors that bias our observations, and, and when we rarely keep formal records of our observations.

例如，当我们随意观察时，我们可能没有意识到使我们的观察产生偏差的因素，以及，当我们很少正式记录我们的观察时。

In stead, we rely on our memory of events.Observations in research on the other hand are made under precisely defined conditions, that is, in a systematic and objective manner, and with careful record keeping.

相反，我们依靠对事件的记忆。另一方面，研究中的观察是在精确限定的条件下进行的，也就是说，是以系统和客观的方式进行的，并有仔细的记录。

Then how are we going to conduct observations in our research studies, and what do we need to do in order to make a scientific and objective observation?

那么，在研究性学习中，我们应该怎样进行观察，怎样做才能做到科学、客观呢？

Now, as you remember, the primary goal of observation is to describe behaviour, but it is in reality impossible to observe and describe all of a person's behaviour.

现在，正如你所记得的，观察的主要目的是描述行为，但事实上，观察和描述一个人的所有行为是不可能的。

So we have to rely on observing samples of people’s behaviour. Doing so, we must decide whether the samples represent people’s usual behaviour.

所以我们必须依靠观察人们行为的样本。这样做时，我们必须确定样本是否代表人们的日常行为。

Thus, we will first take a brief look at how researchers select samples of behaviour.

因此，我们将首先简要看看研究人员是如何选择行为样本的。

Before conducting an observational study, researchers must make a number of important decisions that's about when and where observations will be made.

在进行观察性研究之前，研究人员必须做出一些关于何时何地进行观察的重要决定。

As I've said before the researcher cannot observe all behaviour. Only certain behaviours occurring at particular times, in specific settings can be observed.

正如我以前说过的，研究人员不可能观察到所有的行为。只有在特定时间、特定环境中发生的某些行为才能被观察到。

In other words, behaviour must be sampled. In this lecture, I will briefly introduce two kinds of sampling, is, time sampling and situation sampling.

换句话说，行为必须被取样。在这一讲中，我将简要介绍两种抽样，即，时间抽样和情景抽样。

Now first, time sampling. Time sampling means that researchers choose various time intervals for their observation.

首先，时间取样。时间抽样是指研究人员选择不同的时间间隔进行观察。

Intervals may be selected systematically or randomly. Suppose we want to observe students’ classroom behaviour.

间隔可以有系统地或随机地选择。假设我们想观察学生的课堂行为。

Then in systematic time sampling, our observations might be made during five 20- minute periods, beginning every hour.

然后，在系统的时间抽样中，我们的观察可能在五个20分钟的周期内进行，从每小时开始。

The first observation period could begin at 9 am, the second at 10 am and so forth.

第一个观测时段可以在上午9点开始，第二个观测时段可以在上午10点开始，以此类推。

However, in random sampling, these five 20-minute periods may be distributed randomly over the course of the day.

然而，在随机抽样中，这五个20分钟的时段可以随机分布在一天中。

That is to say,intervals between observation periods could vary-some longer others shorter.

也就是说，观察周期之间的间隔可以变化，有的延长，有的缩短。

One point Id like to make is systematic and random time sampling are not always used in isolation.

我想说明的一点是系统和随机时间抽样并不总是孤立地使用。

They are often combined in studies.For example, while observation intervals are scheduled systematically, observations within an interval are made at random times.

在研究中经常将它们结合在一起。例如，虽然系统地安排了观测间隔，但在一个间隔内的观测是在随机时间进行的。

That means the researcher might decide to observe only during 15-second intervals that are randomly distributed within each 20-minute period.

这意味着研究人员可能决定只在每20分钟内随机分配的15秒间隔内进行观察。

Now let's come to situation sampling. Then, what is situation sampling?

现在让我们来看看情况抽样。那么，什么是情况抽样？

It involves studying behaviour in different locations and under different circumstances and conditions.

它涉及研究不同地点、不同环境和条件下的行为。

By sampling as many different situations as possible researchers can reduce the chance that their observation results will be peculiar to a certain set of circumstances and conditions.

通过对尽可能多的不同情况进行抽样，研究人员可以减少他们的观察结果在特定环境和条件下特有的机会。

Why? Because people or for that manner animals do not behave in exactly the same way across all situations.

为什么？因为人或动物在所有情况下的行为方式并不完全相同。

For example, children do not always behave the same way with one parent as they do with the other parent, and animals do not behave the same way in zoos as they do in the wild.

例如，孩子对父母一方的行为并不总是与对另一方父母的行为方式相同，动物在动物园的行为方式与在野外的行为方式不同。

So, by sampling different situations, a researcher can make more objective observations than he would in only a specific situation.

因此，通过对不同的情况进行抽样，研究人员可以做出比仅在特定情况下更客观的观察。

Having discussed ways to sample behaviour in research, we are now moving onto another issue, that is, what researchers should do to record behaviour as it occurs, that is whether researchers are active or passive in recording behaviour.

在讨论了研究中对行为进行抽样的方法之后，我们现在转向另一个问题，即研究人员应该做些什么来记录发生的行为，即研究人员在记录行为时是主动还是被动。

This refers to the methods of observation. Observational methods can be classified as “observation with intervention”or “observation without intervention”.

这是指观察方法。观察方法可分为“干预观察”或“无干预观察”。

Observation with intervention can be made in at least two ways,participant observation and field experiment.

干预观察至少可以通过两种方式进行，参与者观察和现场实验。

In participant observation, observers, that is researchers, play a dual role: They observe people's behaviour and they participate actively in the situation they are observing.

在参与者观察中，观察者，即研究人员，扮演着双重角色：他们观察人们的行为，并积极参与他们正在观察的情况。

If individuals who are being observed know that the ob- server is present to collect information about their behaviour,this is undisguised participant observation.

如果被观察的个体知道观察者在场是为了收集有关其行为的信息，这就是毫不掩饰的参与者观察。

But in disguised participant observation, those who are being observed do not know that they are being ob served.

但在变相的参与者观察中，那些被观察的人并不知道他们正在被观察。

Another method of observation with intervention is field experiment.

另一种干预观察方法是现场实验。

What is a field experiment When an observer controls one or more conditions in a natural setting in order to determine the effect on behaviour, this procedure is called field experiment.

什么是现场实验 当观察者在自然环境中控制一个或多个条件以确定对行为的影响时，此过程称为现场实验。

The field experiment represents the most extreme form of intervention in observational methods.

野外实验是观察方法中最极端的干预形式。

The essential difference between field experiments and other observational methods is that researchers have more control in field experiments.

场实验与其他观察方法的本质区别在于，研究者在现场实验中拥有更多的控制权。

Now let's take a look at observation without intervention.

现在让我们来看看没有干预的观察。

Observation without intervention is also called naturalistic observation because its main purpose is to describe behaviour as it normally occurs, that is, in a natural setting, without any attempt by the observer to intervene.

没有干预的观察也被称为自然主义观察，因为它的主要目的是描述通常发生的行为，也就是说，在自然的环境中，观察者没有任何干预的企图。

An observer using this method of observation acts as a passive recorder of what occurs. The events occur naturally and are i controlled by the observer.

一个使用这种观察方法的观察者就像一个被动的记录者一样记录着所发生的事情。事件是自然发生的，由观察者控制。

OK, in today's lecture, we have focused on how to make decisions of sampling before beginning our observation, and what we can do during observation.

好的，在今天的讲座中，我们关注了在开始观察之前如何决定取样，以及在观察过程中我们可以做些什么。

I hope what we've discussed will help you in your future research design.

我希望我们讨论的内容能对你未来的研究设计有所帮助。

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